Parcours Physiology, epigenetics, differentiation and cancer 2e année

The course starts with an introductory lecture that describes how scientific projects are usually performed. Major points discussed are:

1) Structure and functioning of a scientific team („From Einstein to Frankenstein – what makes a modern scientist“)

2) Scientific literature (critical reading of publications, building blocks of a publication, the „hidden“ information)

3) The „value“ of a publication (impact factor and its consequences; ethics in publishing)

4) Project planning and funding proposals (including funding agencies and fellowships)

5) Financial and structural resources for a scientific project

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This course will present the major issues related to the ageing processes and their consequences on longevity, in humans, animals and plants.

The main anatomical, histological, molecular and functional changes will be described in several major organs or systems (cardiovascular, nervous, pulmonary, muscular, immune, ...), together with some of the essential clinical problems of human ageing (fragility of elderly, neurodegenerative diseases, ..).

The role of important actors of the ageing mechanisms, such as telomeres and mitochondria, will be addressed before a final presentation of the principal theories of ageing. Some data about stem cells and their roles will also be presented.

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Course outline

Today, the term “epigenetics” is used to describe the study of heritable changes in genome function that occur without a change in DNA sequence. This includes the way gene expression is passed from one cell to its progeny, how gene expression changes during the differentiation of one cell type into another, and how environmental factors can change the way genes are expressed. Epigenetic regulation involves changes of chromatin structure. Interestingly, the mechanisms involved in epigenetic regulation, such as histone modifications, also participate in the transient changes of gene expression.

This course is therefore opened to all students with an interest in the control of gene expression. There are far-reaching implications of epigenetic research for plant and human biology and disease.

The different mechanisms involved in epigenetic regulation, and the different contexts involving epigenetic regulation will be presented:

- actors involved in epigenetic regulation (role of histone modification, chromatin remodeling complex, histone variants, DNA methylation, small and long noncoding RNA),

- contexts involving an epigenetic regulation (response to cell environment, cell differentiation, development)

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I. LECTURES (20 hours)

1- Cardiac energy metabolism: energetic regulations; cardiac energy transfer

- Bioenergetics and the role of oxygen in bioenergetics

- Contraction in cardiovascular systems, compartmentalization and energy transfer

- Modular organization of cardiac energy metabolism

- Metabolic aspects of the Frank-Starling’s law in the heart

2- Recent progress in basic cardiovascular physiology

- Heart and chronobiology

- Heart rate and longevity

- Cardiac conditioning (pre-conditioning, post-conditioning and remote conditioning)

- Intracellular signaling pathways in vascular systems

- Chronic exercise and vascular function

3- Mechanistic approaches in cardiovascular pathophysiology

- Recent advances in cardiac pharmacology

- Nutrition and cardiovascular risk

- Cardiovascular consequences of obesity and insulin resistance

- Oxidative stress and cardiovascular system

- Strategies for prevention of vascular diseases: pharmacology and prophylaxis

- Endothelial dysfunction in vascular pathologies

4- Vulnerable plaque

- Evolution of the concept of coronary artery disease

-  Vulnerable plaque, a main problem of public health

-  New strategies for vulnerable plaque detection

-  Non-invasive imaging tools: nuclear medicine, ultrafast computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging

II. TUTORIALS (20 hours

Analysis of scientific publications that illustrate different aspects of the lectures and oral presentations by the students (two to three presentations per student).

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The course is designed to provide students with a broad introduction to cancer biology. Strong emphasis is on cancer genetics (genetic predisposition, gene transcription, DNA repair), epigenetics and functional genomics approaches – including use of genome editing, cell line and animal models and structural biology approaches – and the impact of these in research for deriving new insights into the basic mechanisms and treatment of cancer.

Teaching is interactive and relies on research seminars from experts in the field as well as personal reading and learning (webinars) by the students.

Focus is on developing strong critical analysis skills that can be applied generally to research.

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Course outline

The main theme of this course is centred on how regulatory networks and specific patterns of gene expression shape development and have evolved in animal and plant kingdoms.

On the animal side, you will hear about basic concepts of early evolution of metazoan development and body plans in Arthropods, we will analyse the role of neural crest in vertebrate segmentation and head patterning, and discuss developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change.

On the Plant front, developmental genetics of plant speciation, evolution of flower development, and molecular mechanisms generating flower diversity and underlying plant domestication will be the major topics.

Overall, this Evo-Devo course will give an overview, through the examples of various developmental models, of how shaping/reshaping of genes and genomes drove the diversity represented along the tree of life and conducted to present-day organisms living on earth.

The teaching team consists of local, national and international specialists in their field who will present the topics they are passionate about.

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Course outline

The lectures present the basic methodology and some advanced techniques used for high throughput in vitro small molecule drug discovery. The principles and statistical methods used for assay optimization and validation will also be explained.

I. Molecular biology, Biochemistry and Protein expression

II. Proteomic analysis; Mass spectrometry

III. Lab-chips and Cell-chips

IV. Structural biology: Crystallogenesis and Crystallization; RMN

V. Combinatory chemistry

Format of exams:  Oral exam (at the end of December) and Research project (at the beginning of January)

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Course outline

 At the end of the course, the students should be able to analyze a "omic" dataset. More precisely, they should be able.

1- to load, explore and summarize graphically a dataset.

2- to compute confidence interval estimates for proportions, means and variances.

3- to formulate hypotheses, compute tests statistics, interpret p-values and make practical decisions for the standard parametric and non-parametric tests.

4- to adjust simple and multiple linear models, analyses of variance (anovas), logistic regression, Cox model.

5- to select genes that explain a response variable by applying multiple testing approaches.

6- to analyze a data set of differential gene expression.

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Course outline

CM: To provide a comprehensive overview of cancer from basic research to clinical trials: cancer physiopathology; cancer metabolism; proteomics; circadian rhythm and cancer cell characteristics; development of new anti-cancer drugs; imaging in cancer disease.

TD: How to analyze a scientific article critically?

To provide a comprehensive overview of cancer from basic research to clinical trials.

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A series of 3h lectures are given by specialists of the field, working in fundamental, cognitive or medical neurosciences.
A first part consists of full lectures on sensory, limbic and motor systems:

- Neural basis of language

- Brain's rhythms

- Decision making

- Human memory
- Neuroimaging and vision

A second part is made of full lectures on physiopathology of non-degenerative diseases:

- Epilepsy

- Obsessive-compulsive disorder

- Reward system and drugs addiction

- Neurorehabilitation

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• Alzheimer
• Parkinson
• Huntington
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Trauma, Stroke

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The 3h lectures are given by specialists of the field working in Grenoble or in foreign universities. They will deal with the following subjects:

• Principle of electrophysiology
• Principle of calcium and voltage membrane potential imaging
• The use of transgenic mice and bi-photon microscopy to monitor the role of glial cells in the brain.
• Ischemia: Glutamate receptors and ischemia
• Of Microtubules and Mitochondria
• Stem cells in the CNS          
• Alzheimer’s disease: from the gene down to the synapse
• Huntington and axonal transport
• Htt links Neurodegeneration to CNS development

10h will be dedicated to presentations of scientific articles by students.

Each year, a full day congress will be organized on a particular field, coordinated with other M2 NN modules.

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Introduction

Science, academic research and entrepreneurship

Innovation

Intellectual properties & juridical forms of companies (in French language due to the specific aspects of the French law)

Marketing of innovation

Customer segmentation

Business development

Project management

Market research

Business plan

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The student will spend 6 months in a research team to work on a scientific project dealing with at least one of the fields covered by the Master 2 PhEDD program.

Finding the research team and the subject relies on the student.

A proposal for this internship should be sent to the module’s coordinator during the spring/early summer of the previous academic year for validation: It must fit to at least one of the fields covered by the Master 2 PhEDDprogram.

The student will be supervised in the lab by a researcher of the field.

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In order to obtain a Master’s degree at UJF, students must demonstrate the capacity to perform at an “independent” (B2 of the CEFRL) level in a foreign language. A foreign language certificate at this level or a non-francophone status meets this requirement. At UJF, the English language skills evaluated for this obligation are:

1)    Reading comprehension of scientific texts

2)    Oral presentation of scientific content related to the student’s field of study

3)    Note-taking from oral sources related to the student’s field of study

This course allows students to show proficiency at the “independent” B2-level in oral presentations and note taking linked to their fields of study.

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Choix d'un ETC si niveau anglais >= B2

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